Related Federal Cases
Yahoo! Ordered to Comply with Gov’t Surveillance
On January 15, 2009, the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review (FISC-R) published an unclassified version of its opinion in In Re: Directives Pursuant to Section 105B of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 551 F.3d 1004 (Foreign Intel. Surv. Ct. Rev. 2008).
The classified version of the opinion was issued on August 22, 2008, following a challenge by Yahoo! Inc. (Yahoo!) to directives issued under the Protect America Act of 2007 (PAA). Today, following a renewed declassification review, the Executive Branch is publicly releasing various documents from this litigation, including legal briefs and additional sections of the 2008 FISC-R opinion, with appropriate redactions to protect national security information.
A summary of the underlying litigation follows:
FISC Proceedings
In In Re: Directives Pursuant to Section 105B of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Yahoo! challenged directives issued by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and the Attorney General under the PAA. The PAA was the predecessor to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Amendments Act of 2008 (FISA Amendments Act of 2008 or FAA). The directives issued to Yahoo! under the PAA required it to assist the U.S. Government in acquiring foreign intelligence information through the surveillance of targets reasonably believed to be located outside the United States.
Yahoo! refused to comply with the directives, and the U.S. Government initiated proceedings in the FISC to compel compliance. Yahoo! opposed the U.S. Government’s motion to compel compliance primarily on the ground that the directives violated the Fourth Amendment rights of its customers. On April 25, 2008, following extensive briefing by the parties, the FISC held that the directives were lawful and ordered Yahoo! to comply.
The FISC held that there is a foreign intelligence exception to the warrant requirement, and that the exception applied to surveillance conducted pursuant to the directives, including surveillance targeting U.S. persons located outside the United States. The FISC further held that the U.S. Government has sufficient procedures in place “to ensure that the Fourth Amendment rights of targeted U.S. persons are adequately protected and that the acquisition of foreign intelligence to be obtained through the directives issued to Yahoo!, as to these individuals, is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.”
FISC-R Proceedings
On August 22, 2008, following briefings and oral argument, the FISC-R issued a classified opinion, affirming the FISC’s decision that the directives were lawful. In its decision, the FISC-R first held that Yahoo! had standing to challenge the directives based on the Fourth Amendment interests of its customers that Yahoo! was alleging. Turning to the merits of the case, the FISC-R rejected Yahoo!’s Fourth Amendment challenge to the directives.
The FISC-R held that a traditional warrant was not required. Basing its opinion on a line of U.S. Supreme Court cases recognizing “special needs” exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement, the FISC-R held that the U.S. Government’s collection of foreign intelligence information pursuant to the directives addressed a special need that justified an exception to the warrant requirement. This ruling comes as a major victory for national security interests over individual privacy rights, highlighting the delicate balance between the two.
Key Facts
- State: Federal
- Category: Cybercrime
- Source: DOJ Press Release ↗
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